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Banat, a fertile low-lying region extending through Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia.

Banat , region extending across W Romania, NE Serbia, and S Hungary. The term banat originally referred to any of several frontier provinces of Hungary and Croatia that were ruled by bans (governors). The Banat region is bordered on the E by Transylvania and Walachia, on the W by the Tisza River, on the N by the Muresul River, and on the S by the Danube. Except for some eastern mountains, it is primarily an agricultural area of fertile, rolling plains. Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Banat was occupied successively by Romans, Goths, Gepidae, Huns, and Avars. Slavs began to settle there in the 5th cent. and Magyars in the 9th cent. In 1233, King Andrew II of Hungary established the Banat of Severin, a frontier province whose defense was entrusted to the Knights Hospitalers. In the aftermath of the Turkish victory over the Serbs at Kosovo (1389) and the Turkish occupation of Serbia (1459), many Serbs emigrated to the Banat, which itself became a Turkish sanjak (province) around 1552. By the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), the Banat was made an Austrian military frontier zone known as the Banat of Temesvar.. Empress Maria Theresa put the region under civilian government in 1751 and brought in thousands of German colonists. In 1779 the Banat passed to Hungary, to which it belonged until 1918, except for a brief period as an Austrian crownland. Although the Allies in World War I had promised through a secret agreement to give the Banat to Romania, it was divided by the Treaty of Trianon (1920) between Romania and newly independent Yugoslavia, with the Szeged district reserved for Hungary.

Passarowitz, Treaty of
[päsä'rOvits] Pronunciation Key
Passarowitz, Treaty of , 1718, peace treaty signed at Pozarevac (Ger. Passarowitz), E Serbia, Yugoslavia. It was concluded between the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) on the one side and Austria and Venice on the other. In the preceding war (1714-18) the Turks had been successful against the Venetians in Greece and Crete but had been defeated in 1716 at Petrovaradin by Prince Eugene of Savoy, who in 1717 also stormed Belgrade. Eugene's victories represented a triumph for Austria, and the treaty reflected the military situation. Turkey lost the Banat of Temesvar, N Serbia (including Belgrade), N Bosnia, and Lesser Walachia to Austria. Venice lost all its possessions in the Peloponnesus and on Crete to Turkey, retaining only the Ionian Islands and the Dalmatian coast. Belgrade and Lesser Walachia were recovered again by Turkey at the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739.

Karlowitz, Treaty of
[kär'lOvits] Pronunciation Key
Karlowitz, Treaty of , 1699, peace treaty signed at Sremski Karlovci (Ger. Karlowitz), N Serbia, Yugoslavia. It was concluded between the Ottoman Empire on the one side and Austria, Poland, and Venice on the other. The preceding war (1683-97) had resulted in the Ottoman defeat in 1697, thereby forcing the Ottomans to consent to the treaty. All Hungary (including Transylvania but not the Banat of Temesvar), Croatia, and Slavonia were ceded to Austria by the Ottomans. Podolia passed to Poland, and the Peloponnesus and most of Dalmatia passed to Venice. Russia, also at war with the Ottomans, captured Azov in 1696 and concluded a separate peace treaty with Turkey in 1700. The Venetian gains were lost again at the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718). The Treaty of Karlowitz, which crowned the successful campaign of Prince Eugene of Savoy, marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's disintegration.

Eugene of Savoy
Eugene of Savoy, 1663-1736, prince of the house of Savoy, general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire. Born in Paris, he was the son of Eugène, comte de Soissons of the line of Savoy-Carignano, and Olympe Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin. After being refused a commission in the French army by King Louis XIV, Eugene entered (1683) the service of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I against the Ottoman Turks. He fought bravely in the relief of Vienna and then in Hungary, where he helped in the capture of Belgrade (1688). By 1697, Eugene had been appointed imperial commander in Hungary, and at Zenta he annihilated the Turkish army. Faced with opposition in Vienna, he began to take a more active part in political affairs. He became (1700) a member of the emperor's privy council and (1703) president of the imperial war council. He was the principal imperial commander in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14; see Spanish Succession, War of the). In N Italy, Eugene was victorious over the French forces under Nicolas Catinat and the duke of Villeroi. In 1704 he joined the duke of Marlborough in Bavaria, and together they won the signal victory of Blenheim. Returning to Italy, Eugene fought (1705) an inconclusive battle at Cassano against his cousin, Louis Joseph de Vendôme. His invasion of Provence (1707) was a failure, owing to the inadequacy of his forces. In 1708, Eugene again cooperated with Marlborough in Flanders; the victories of Oudenarde (1708) and Malplaquet (1709) resulted. After the conclusion (1713) of the Peace of Utrecht (see Utrecht, Peace of) by England and France, Eugene continued to campaign on the Rhine against the French under Marshal Villars. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI empowered him late in the year to negotiate with the war-weary French at Rastatt. The Peace of Rastatt (1714) complemented that of Utrecht. Eugene was made governor of the Austrian Netherlands (1715) and later imperial vicar in Italy. He again fought (1716-18) the Turks successfully, defeating them at Petrovaradin (1716) and at Belgrade (1717) and making possible the Austrian triumph marked by the Treaty of Passarowitz (1719). In the War of the Polish Succession, Eugene was made commander despite his advanced age. One of the greatest commanders in modern history, Prince Eugene was noted for his severe character and his hatred of Louis XIV as well as for his patronage of the arts.

Trianon, Treaty of
Trianon, Treaty of, 1920, agreement following World War I in which the Allies disposed of Hungarian territories. The internal chaos in Hungary that followed the dissolution (1918) of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy delayed the signing of a peace treaty with the Allies of World War I (excluding the United States and Russia, who did not sign it). The treaty, signed on June 4, 1920, at the Grand Trianon Palace at Versailles, France, reduced the size and population of Hungary by about two thirds, divesting it of virtually all areas that were not purely Magyar. Romania received Transylvania, part of the adjoining plain, and part of the Banat, including Timisoara. Czechoslovakia was confirmed in possession of Slovakia and Ruthenia. Yugoslavia (then the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) obtained Croatia, Slavonia, and the western section of the Banat. Austria was awarded the Burgenland, but the city of Sopron and its vicinity were returned to Hungary after a plebiscite (1921). Thus, Hungary was deprived of access to the sea and of some of its most valuable natural resources. The military establishment of the country was reduced to an army of 35,000. The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under protest. Hungarian agitation for revision began immediately and was supported by the majority of the more than 3 million Magyars transferred to Romania, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. Although Hungary recovered part of its lost territories in 1939-40, it lost these and was reduced to boundaries approximating those of 1920 by the peace treaty signed in 1947 at Paris.

Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105. During Trajan's reign. In 87 the praetorian prefect Cornelius Fuscus led five or six legions across the Danube towards Banat (in Romania). The Romans were surprised by a Dacian attack at Tapae (near the village of Bucova, in Romania). Legion V Alaude was crushed and Cornelius Fuscus was killed.

NORT BANAT DISTRICT
The NORTH BANAT District expands in the northern parts of the Republic. It encompasses the municipalities of: Kanjiza, Senta, Ada, Coka, Novi Knezevac, and Kikinda. It has a population of 179,783. Seat of the District is in the city of Kikinda. In Kikinda was founded the first Serb printing-house, in 1878, to be followed a year later by the opening of the first library. This city is also reputable for its painters, including Teodor Ilic Cesljar (13th cent.), Nikola Aleksic (19th cent.), Djura Pecic (late 19th cent.), and Djura Jaksic, a painter and author. Kikinda was the scene of the first theatrical performance, given in German, long back ago, in 1796. Kikinda is the center of the Yugoslav clay building materials production, as a seat of the IGM DD "Toza Markovic" company, which is the oldest clay producer in Europe. The "Kikinda" foundry is the major Yugoslav producer and exporter of grinders. Also the "25 maj" factory of agricultural machines and equipment, and the "Electron" are the factories running production for both the local and foreign markets. District Seat ADDRESS 23300 Kikinda, 12 Srpskih dobrovoljaca Tel./Fax: 023- 21 008, 22 921

CENTRAL BANAT DISTRICT
The CENTRAL BANAT DISTRICT expands in the northeastern parts of Serbia. It encompasses the municipalities of: Novi Becej, Nova Crnja, Zitiste, Secanj and Zrenjanin. It has a population of 221, 253. Seat of the District is in the city of Zrenjanin. Here the next buildings stand out by its fine quality: the Orthodox Church of Assumption from 1746, the Roman-Catholic Cathedral from 1868 and the Reformatory Church from 1891.. Economy of Zrenjanin is diverse: industry, agriculture, forestry, building industry, and transport. The leading branch is the food-processing industry, integrated under the "Servo Mihalj" Industrial- Agricultural Combine. Other major representatives of the Zrenjanin economy are: the DD "ZIP" brewery, the DD "Luxol" chemical industry and the "Zarko Zrenjanin" furniture factory. District Seat ADDRESS 23000 Zrenjanin, 10 Trg slobode Tel./Fax: 023- 36 593, 66 007

SOUTH BANAT DISTRICT
The SOUTH BANAT District expands in the eastern parts of Serbia. It encompasses the following municipalities: Plandiste, Opovo, Kovacica, Alibunar, Vrsac, Bela Crkva, Pancevo, and Kovin. It has a population of 328,428. Seat of the District is in Pancevo. Pancevo is distinguished for its numerous cultural institutions: the "Veljko Vlahovic" National Library, the Historic Archives, and the Institute for Protection of Culture Monuments. The most remarkable cultural monuments of this region are: The Vojlovica Monastery, built in 1405, the Church of Assumption and the Church of Transfiguration built in 1811 and the National Museum, built in 1833. In this modern, industrial region stand out the "Pancevo" Oil Refinery, the "Azotara" Fertilizers Plants, and the Pancevo PETROCHEMISTRY. District Seat ADDRESS 26 000 Pancevo, 12-4 Kralja Petra Sq Tel./Fax: 013-45 580, 46 940

According to the census from 1991, 2.013.889 people live in Vojvodina. Serbs, who number 1.143.723 people, represent the absolute majority. Expressed in numbers, next are Hungarians, than Slovaks, Croats, Montenegrins, Romanians, Ruthenian, Romanies, Macedonians and numerically small national communities as Ukrainians, Bunjevci, Sokci, Albanians, Jews, Germans, Turks, Czechs and others.
POPULATION OF AP VOJVODINA ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL STRUCTURE
Serbs 57.2%
Hungarians 16.9%
Yugoslavs 8.3%
Slovaks 3.7%
Croats 3.7%
Montenegrins 2.2%
Romanians 1.9%
Romany 1.2%
Bunjevci 1.1%
Ruthenians 0.9%
Ukrainians 0.24%
others 2.66%

 

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